Cheap Economical (50+ MPG) 1.0 - 1.9L Cars For Sale In Bordesley Green, West Midlands

Peugeot 107 2012 (12) - 1.0 Active 5dr

• 67k miles
• 2012
• 1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 65.0MPG

Insurance Group 3, 2012 peugeot 107 active. 1.0L petrol. 5 doors hatchback. electric windows. central locked. cat S recorded. ABS ESB. power steering . 4 very good tyres.l5 manual gearbox . cd radio aux. spare tyre . milage 67000. mot till 26/02/26. free all year tax £0. FREE ULEZ. drive a1. test drive welcome

Vauxhall Corsa 2003 (53) - **12 MONTHS MOT ON SALE!! 1 OWNER! 10X SERVICES! 3-Door

• 44.9k miles
• 2003
• 1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 53.0MPG

Insurance Group 7, 0 Previous Owners, **12 MONTHS MOT ON SALE!! 1 OWNER FROM NEW! 10X SERVICES!!**Welcome to Northwest Trade Centre - The Northwest&039;s Trusted Trade Vehicle Specialist! At Northwest Trade Centre, we specialise in delivering great vehicles at even better prices. Every car we sell is HPI clear and mileage verified unless stated, so you can buy with total confidence knowing you&039;re getting a genuine, reliable vehicle with nothing to hide. With over 500 vehicles available across our group stock, we offer a wide variety of makes and models to suit all budgets and lifestyles. Whether you&039;re searching for your first car, a family-friendly SUV, or a dependable workhorse, we&039;ve got something for everyone. To give you extra peace of mind, every qualifying vehicle includes a free nationwide warranty, with the option to upgrade to extended coverage for added protection. We&039;re happy to accept part exchanges, and we provide fair, fast valuations with no pressure to commit. We also offer a full suite of flexible finance options, including Hire Purchase (HP) and subprime finance for customers with varying credit profiles. Speak with our team for a tailored finance quote to suit your circumstances. At Northwest Trade Centre, exceptional customer service is at the core of everything we do. Our team is friendly, professional, and here to help make your car-buying journey as easy and stress-free as possible. Don&039;t just take our word for itcheck out our glowing Google reviews from satisfied customers across the UK. Important Notice: We strive to ensure all specifications and descriptions are accurate; however, due to ongoing model changes and manufacturer updates, some details may vary. We strongly advise confirming key features and specifications with our sales team prior to purchase. MPG figures are sourced from official government data and may vary depending on real-world driving conditions. Please also note: While we aim to supply two keys with each vehicle, this cannot be guaranteed. Auto Trader listings may default to showing one key, so we recommend confirming with a member of our team before finalising your purchase..Air-Con & Air Recirculation Facility, Anti-Lock Brakes, CDR 2005 Radio/CD/Steering Wheel Mounted Ctls.

2007 Skoda Fabia 1.4 TDI Pure Drive Bohemia 5dr ESTATE Diesel Manual

• 114k miles
• 2007
• 1.4L Diesel
• Manual
• Estate
• 61.4MPG

Discover this 2007 Skoda Fabia TDI Bohemia, a well presented example of this popular model. Powered by an efficient 1.4 litre diesel engine, this Fabia offers a great balance of performance and economy. The Bohemia trim level ensures a comfortable and well equipped driving experience, making it a sensible choice for everyday motoring.This particular Skoda Fabia stands out due to its low insurance group, which can help to keep your running costs down. The reliable 1.4 litre diesel engine is known for its fuel efficiency, further contributing to its affordability. This combination of low insurance and economical motoring makes the Fabia TDI Bohemia a practical and appealing option for many drivers. Safety Belt Pretensioners

Mini Cooper HATCHBACK, 2009, Manual, 1598 (cc),3 doors

• 127.1k miles
• 2009
• 1.6L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 52.3MPG

MINI COOPER 1.6 PETROL – 2009 – £1,500 RECENT SPEND – PRICED TO SELL FAST! Last owner had it for a year, bought it at 119k miles and since spent over £1,500 on essential maintenance. Selling only because I’m moving abroad ⸻ ✅ Good Points: • 🔧 Full service in April 2025 – only 1,000 miles driven since • 🛞 New rear tyres • 🛠️ New brake pads all round • 🔩 New rear brake discs • 🧠 New ABS pump • 🌿 New Lambda sensor • ⛽ Drives well – economical and fun • 🧽 Clean interior, solid body for its age • 📝 MOT until April 2026 (nearly 10 months left) • 💷 Bills for all work available – nothing major left to do ⸻ ⚠️ Bad Points (full transparency): • 📻 Radio/CD doesn’t work – likely wiring harness issue • 💡 Clutch is high but drives completely fine • 🎨 Some age-related bumps and scrapes (as expected for 2009 car) ⸻ 💸 Price £1,500 – priced for a quick sale. Grab a bargain with all the big jobs already done!

Hyundai Amica 2007 - HYUNDAI AMICA 1.1 GSI SPARES & REPAIRS PLEASE READ DESCRIPTION CHEAP CAR 5-Door

• 55k miles
• 2007
• 1.1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 52.0MPG

Insurance Group 8, WE HAVE A HYUNDAI AMICA 1.1 GSISELLING THIS AS SPARES & REPAIRS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING FAULTSGENUINE LOW MILES 55 000STARTS AND DRIVESDRIVES VERY WELLGOES INTO GEAR EASILY CLUTCH IS AT GOOD BITE POINT FRONT PASSENGER & DRIVERS REAR DOOR DO NOT OPEN REAR PASSENGER DRIVERS SIDE DOOR HANDLE MISSING. (PLEASE SEE PICS)REGISTERED IN JERSRY & GURNSEY WE HAVE DOCUMENTATION MOT IN ENGLANDMOT NOVEMBER 20252X KEYS

Citroen C4 1.6 HDi Cachet 5dr Diesel Manual

• 129.8k miles
• 2008
• 1.6L Diesel
• Manual
• 60.1MPG

This 2008 Citroen C4 HDi Cachet offers excellent value with its full service history and a clear vehicle history check, ensuring peace of mind for its next owner. This well maintained example, with only two previous owners, boasts a robust 1.6 litre diesel engine and is presented in attractive metallic paint. For added safety and control, it features Electronic Stability Programme.The C4 Cachet is a practical choice, offering impressive fuel economy of 63 miles per gallon, making it an economical option for daily driving. Its low CO2 emissions further contribute to its cost effectiveness. This model also benefits from a generous boot space, ideal for families or those who need extra room for luggage. Furthermore, its low insurance group rating means lower running costs. The MOT is valid until October 2026, and a 1 month warranty is included for your assurance. Full Service History; Safety Belt Pretensioners About us: If you are looking for great savings on quality used cars and vans in the Wisbech area, then you have reached the right place. A47 Car Sales are a specialist used car and van dealer based in Cambridgeshire. We are proud to offer you a first class customer service and very competitive pricing, so please browse our stock list. At A47 Car Sales, we stock a range of used cars and vans to suit all budgets and lifestyles so we are sure to have the right car or van for you. If you are looking for a second hand car or van in Wisbech, then don't delay, call us today. In order to offer cars and vans to suit everyone we make sure that we update our stocklist regularly. It is therefore always worth giving us a call, even if you don't see what you are looking for on our website. We offer advice on vehicles and vehicle maintenance and our friendly staff will go the extra mile to guarantee that you receive the advice and support you need. At A47 Car Sales we don't just sell cars and vans, we do everything possible to get you on the road with your perfect vehicle. Why not come along to our dealership in Wisbech? We look forward to meeting you! Opening Hours: Mo: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM Tu: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM We: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM Th: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM Fr: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM Sa: 09:00 AM to 05:30 PM Su: 10:00 AM to 04:00 PM

Alfa Romeo Giulietta 2011 (11) - 1.6 JTDM-2 Lusso 5dr

• 110.8k miles
• 2011
• 1.6L Diesel
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 64.0MPG

Insurance Group 16, 1 Previous Owner, This 2011 Alfa Romeo Giulietta JTDM-2 Lusso is a rare find, having had only two owners from new. This stylish Italian hatchback boasts a 1.6 litre diesel engine, offering an economical yet engaging driving experience. The Lusso trim level ensures a comfortable and well equipped interior, featuring dual zone climate control for personalised comfort, and a Blue&Me system with Bluetooth for seamless hands free calls and music streaming. For added convenience, it includes rear parking sensors to assist with manoeuvring and automatic headlights that activate with a dusk sensor. An additional heater is also fitted, ensuring warmth even on the coldest days.CHEAP PART EXCHANGE TO CLEAR, ENGINE GEARBOX ALL GOOD.

Ford Fiesta 1.25 Zetec Petrol, New Clutch, New Cambelt, New Tyres, New Service, HPI clear

• 124k miles
• 2010
• 1.2L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 51.4MPG

Due to acquiring a company car, I am testing the water with this absolute steal for someone wanting a solid reliable car with over £1,500 spent in the last few months. I’ll start with the good points: A brand new clutch, gearbox oil, sparkplugs, brake fluid and near side front inner rack joint were all replaced in August 2025 with a garage invoice present for £702 A new timing belt and tensioner pulley kit, auxiliary belt, offside front wheel bearing, offside front ABS sensor were all replaced in February 2025 with a garage invoice present for £527.15 Four new tyres were fitted and the air conditioning was regassed in January 2025 at a cost of £312 As you can see, a total of over £1,500 has been recently spent with the two major and most expensive jobs being done and out of the way. The bodywork and interior are both in excellent overall condition for the age with no dents or scratches and no rips or burns. It is also fitted with stunning genuine 15” alloy wheels which are still available to purchase from Ford for £768 or £550 second hand on eBay. On the last MOT it only had two minor advisories which were the rear bushes, but both were done It is a perfect first car, delivery driver car or just a cheap runaround and mechanically perfect. Don’t be put off by the mileage as it drives like a car with half the miles and all the major jobs have been done. It is the very sought after bulletproof 1.25 litre Zetec engine, it is very cheap on insurance and fuel for young drivers and will do 500 miles on a full tank of fuel. With a perfect manual 5 speed gearbox, smooth clutch and beautiful engine, and there are no warning lights on the dash. It has electric windows, electric mirrors, cd player and radio, central locking, air conditioning and alloy wheels. Mechanically the car is perfect and drives exactly as it should and will get you anywhere you need to go. Now the not so good points The MOT expires at the end of November 2025 and will need some minor welding done to both rear arches to pass. It will also need a front balljoint. I’ve been quoted £250 for the work. If you can do the work yourself it will cost less than £50. It could also do with a full valet It is priced to sell at £1,000 and the price is firm. If there is no interest, I will have the welding done and relist for £1,750 which will still be a bargain due to the recent money being spent.

MINI HATCH 1.6 Cooper Hatch 2009

• 150k miles
• 2009
• 1.6L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 52.3MPG

2009 Mini Cooper Hatch 16 manual petrol 152000 miles in great condition and drives faultless with new MOT and 3 months nationwide warrantyWe can deliver this vehicle anywhere in the UK its free up to 100 miles and really competitive after that National Vehicle Supplier is your premier destination for high-quality used cars and vans conveniently available and delivered across the UK at unbeatable prices With a wide selection of vehicles to choose from we offer a seamless purchasing experience ensuring that you find the perfect car to suit your needs and budget Trust in our commitment to reliability affordability and customer satisfaction as you embark on your journey towards finding your next vehicle with us [Website URL removed] Safety Belt Pretensioners About us: At National Vehicle Supplier, we take pride in being your premier destination for high-quality used cars at unbeatable prices across the UK. With a commitment to excellence and customer satisfaction, we strive to provide a seamless car-buying experience for every individual, ensuring you drive away with confidence and peace of mind. Established with the vision of revolutionising the way people purchase pre-owned vehicles, we prioritise transparency, integrity, and reliability in all our dealings. Our extensive selection of vehicles undergoes rigorous inspections to ensure they meet our stringent quality standards, giving you the assurance of a reliable and dependable ride. What sets us apart is our dedication to customer service. Our knowledgeable and friendly team is here to guide you through every step of the process, from browsing our diverse inventory to securing financing options that fit your budget. Whether you're a first-time buyer or a seasoned car enthusiast, we are committed to providing personalised assistance tailored to your needs. With our convenient online platform, you can explore our wide range of vehicles from the comfort of your home, narrowing down your options before visiting our showroom for a test drive. Additionally, our nationwide delivery service ensures that no matter where you are in the UK, you can have your dream car delivered right to your doorstep hassle-free. At National Vehicle Supplier, we believe that owning a quality used car shouldn't break the bank. That's why we offer competitive pricing and flexible financing options to accommodate every budget. We are dedicated to making your car-buying experience enjoyable, straightforward, and most importantly, affordable. Experience the difference with National Vehicle Supplier and let us help you find the perfect vehicle to suit your lifestyle and budget. Your journey to owning a reliable, high-quality used car starts here. Warranty: The National Vehicle Supplier's Warranty offered by The Auto Group is a comprehensive protection plan designed to provide peace of mind to customers purchasing vehicles from our dealership. With a standard coverage period of 6 months, this warranty ensures that customers can confidently drive away knowing that their investment is safeguarded against unforeseen mechanical issues. Key features of the National Vehicle Supplier's Warranty include: Nationwide Coverage: This warranty can be utilised at any VAT (Value Added Tax) Registered Garage across the nation. Whether you're close to home or traveling far and wide, you can rest assured knowing that help is readily available wherever you may be. Comprehensive Protection: Our warranty covers a wide range of mechanical and electrical components, offering extensive protection against potential faults or failures. From engine and transmission issues to electrical system malfunctions, we've got you covered. Peace of Mind: We understand that purchasing a vehicle is a significant investment, which is why we strive to provide our customers with the utmost peace of mind. With the National Vehicle Supplier's Warranty, you can drive with confidence, knowing that you're backed by a reliable and reputable warranty provider. Ease of Claim Process: Should you encounter any issues covered under the warranty, our claim process is straightforward and hassle-free. Our team is dedicated to ensuring a seamless experience for our customers, from filing a claim to resolving the issue promptly. Customer Satisfaction: At National Vehicle Supplier, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We stand behind the quality of our vehicles and the reliability of our warranty. Our goal is to exceed your expectations and ensure that your ownership experience is nothing short of exceptional. Whether you're purchasing a new or pre-owned vehicle from National Vehicle Supplier, our The Auto Group Warranty offers unmatched protection and peace of mind. Drive confidently knowing that you're covered by a warranty that's accepted nationwide, giving you the freedom to explore the open road without worry. Terms and Conditions: Scope of Coverage: National Vehicle Suppliers Ltd (hereafter referred to as "NVSL") provides used cars with a comprehensive warranty for mechanical and electrical components, subject to the terms and conditions outlined herein. This warranty applies to vehicles purchased from NVSL and covers the specified duration from the date of purchase. Duration of Warranty: The warranty period for all vehicles sold by NVSL is specified at the time of purchase. The standard warranty period is 6 months unless otherwise stated explicitly in the sales contract. Coverage: The warranty covers defects in materials and workmanship for a wide range of mechanical and electrical components. This coverage includes but is not limited to the engine, transmission, drivetrain, suspension, steering, and electrical system. NVSL reserves the right to determine the eligibility of specific components for warranty coverage. Exclusions: The warranty does not cover damage resulting from accidents, misuse, neglect, improper maintenance, modifications, or alterations made to the vehicle. Wear and tear items such as tyres, brakes, clutch, and routine maintenance services are not covered under this warranty. Any unauthorised repairs or alterations performed by third parties will void the warranty. Claim Process: In the event of a covered issue, the customer must promptly notify NVSL and provide all necessary documentation, including proof of purchase and maintenance records. NVSL reserves the right to inspect the vehicle and assess the nature of the claim before authorising any repairs under warranty. Repairs covered under warranty must be carried out by authorised NVSL service centers or VAT registered garages approved by NVSL. Limitation of Liability: NVSL's liability under this warranty is limited to the repair or replacement of defective components as determined by NVSL at its sole discretion. NVSL shall not be liable for any consequential or incidental damages arising from the use or inability to use the vehicle, including but not limited to loss of time, inconvenience, or transportation costs. Transferability: This warranty is transferable to subsequent owners of the vehicle during the warranty period, provided that NVSL is notified of the change of ownership. Governing Law: These terms and conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the United Kingdom. By purchasing a vehicle from NVSL, the customer acknowledges and agrees to abide by the terms and conditions outlined above. NVSL reserves the right to modify or update these terms and conditions at any time without prior notice. Why buy from us? * Quality Assurance: Each car undergoes a rigorous inspection process by our certified technicians. * Affordable Pricing: We offer competitive pricing on all of our vehicles * Nationwide Coverage: You can relax knowing that wherever you are in the UK, we've got you covered. * Transparent and Honest Service: We'll provide you with all the information you need. * Exceptional Customer Service: From helping you find a vehicle to helping with financing & more.

2006 Renault Scenic

• 85.3k miles
• 2006
• 1.5L Diesel
• Manual
• MPV
• 55.4MPG

2006 Renault Scenic 1.6 DIESEL 6 Months MOT 85,435 Miles FULL SERVICE HISTORY TIMING BELT DONE @ 52,908 Miles 3 previous owners 2 keys Tow bar Spare wheel Kit, Wheel,Jack & Bar Sun visors in the back Drives spot on no knocks or bangs, very spacious car. Few age related marks nothing serious. No dents or deep scratches

2010 Suzuki Swift 1.2 SZ4 5dr HATCHBACK Petrol Manual

• 99.5k miles
• 2010
• 1.2L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 56.5MPG

FOR SALE****SUZUKI SWIFT****1.2 PETROL 5 DOOR HATCHBACK****LONG MOT****SERVICE HISTORY****CLEAN CONDITION IN AND OUT****DRIVES WELL****ELECTRIC WINDOWS****CD PLAYER****A/C****ALLOY WHEELS****VCAR****WARRANTY AVAILABLE ON THIS VEHICLE****PX WELCOME BEST PRICES PAID FOR CARS****DELIVERY AVAILABLE AT EXTRA CHARGE****GRAB YOURSELF A BARGAIN!****[Phone number removed] Alloy Wheels; CD Player; Electric Windows; AM/FM Stereo; Safety Belt Pretensioners About us: Slough Cars has been in the motor industry for many years and has extensive experience in selecting the best quality pre loved cars for the forecourt. Specialising in family cars, 4x4s, sports cars and prestige vehicles. We typically have between 30-50 cars in stock at any time, so we are sure to find a car to suit your needs. Our prices are checked on a daily basis to ensure we are offering the best value cars! Contact us on: [Phone number removed] [Phone number removed] Opening Hours: Mo: 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM Tu: 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM We: 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM Th: 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM Fr: 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM Sa: 09:00 AM to 04:00 PM Su: 10:00 AM to 03:00 PM Why buy from us? * Expert, Friendly advice on hand for all customers. * We stock a vast ranges of cars, with something to suit everyone. * We can deliver your new car to a place that suits you. * Prices checked daily to ensure competitive pricing. * Local Family Business

Toyota aygo LOW MILAGE

• 72k miles
• 2009
• 1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 62.8MPG

Toyota aygo 2010 1 litre petrol 72,000 miles very low Very cheap on insurance and petrol HPI CLEAR Small dent in rear quarter doesn’t affect anything New clutch in it only been 2 months Bought the mrs a new car so don’t need it anymore NO OFFERS TAKE IT FOR THE PRICE IF NOT DONT BOTHER

Peugeot 107 2006 (56) - 1.0 Urban 5dr

• 114k miles
• 2006
• 1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 61.0MPG

2010 Vauxhall Zafira 1.7 CDTi ecoFLEX Design [110] 5dr MPV Diesel Manual

• 113.4k miles
• 2010
• 1.7L Diesel
• Manual
• MPV
• 55.4MPG

Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS); Alarm; Cassette Player; Climate Control; Electronic Stability Program (ESP); Rear Spoiler; Safety Belt Pretensioners; Xenon headlights

Fiat Panda 1.2 Dynamic 5dr Petrol Manual

• 71k miles
• 2008
• 1.2L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 50.4MPG

FIRST TO COME WILL BUY. PART EXCHANGE TO CLEAR. This 2008 Fiat Panda Dynamic is a nice example example, having had only three owners from new. It features a reliable 1.2 litre petrol engine and comes in the Dynamic trim.This Fiat Panda is an economical choice, boasting an impressive fuel economy of 50 miles per gallon. Its low CO2 emissions and low insurance group rating further contribute to its affordability, making it a sensible option for many drivers. Safety Belt Pretensioners About us: We are a privately owned company that is run by two family members. Please feel free to call and visit us where you will be greeted by a warm and friendly welcome and served in a nice, courteous manner and without any pressure to buy. We are here to listen and understand your requirements and to offer advice and help. Warranty: A warranty can provide important peace of mind for vehicle owners by covering the cost of the maintenance and repairs required to keep the vehicle on the road. At Lodge Car Sales Ltd we can help provide a range of comprehensive vehicle warranty options. Please contact us today for more information. Opening Hours: Mo: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM Tu: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM We: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM Th: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM Fr: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM Sa: 10:00 AM to 05:30 PM Su: 10:30 AM to 02:30 PM

Citroen C1 2012 (12) - 1.0i VTR LIME GREEN FIVE SPEED MANUAL ULEZ 3-Door

• 78.1k miles
• 2012
• 1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 62.0MPG

Insurance Group 3, CITROEN C1 1.0 VTR 2012/12 LIME GREEN LOW MILEAGE (78K) ULEZ SPEC:Power Steering - Electric Windows - A/C - Cd Player / Aux - Remote Central Locking - UlezDrives lovely smooth gear change well maintained age related marks Please note: Previous V-car (N) Part Exchange clearnace£1395

Ford, FOCUS, Hatchback, 2010, Manual, 1560 (cc),5 doors

• 189k miles
• 2010
• 1.6L Diesel
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 64.2MPG

Ford Focus 1.6 2010 MOT - 25/06/2026 Tax is only £35 for the year Keyless Entry Keyless Start Separate Key for Bonnet Radio / CD Player Diesel Decent size boot Tinted back windows Electric windows Electric front seats Nice little car - good for fuel aswell 4 x Michelin Tyres Does have some dents and dings to it 2 owners £975 Happy for viewings

Renault, TWINGO, Hatchback, 2008, Manual, 1149 (cc),3 doors

• 100k miles
• 2008
• 1.1L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 50.4MPG

7 months MOT Cam belt replaced 80k Clutch replaced 90k idea for first time drivers

Hyundai i10 2012 (62) - 1.2 Classic 5dr

• 100k miles
• 2012
• 1.2L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 61.0MPG

Insurance Group 12, 1 Previous Owner

Mini, HATCHBACK, Hatchback, 2015, Manual, 1499 (cc),3 doors

• 178k miles
• 2015
• 1.5L Petrol
• Manual
• Hatchback
• 62.8MPG

Mini Cooper. December 2015. 1500cc, 6 speeder. 178,099 MILES. MOT'd until December 15th. Road tax is £20 a year. I'm the fourth keeper from new. Factory alloy wheels, air conditioning, half leather seats, heated seats, remote central locking, keyless go, electric windows, electric mirrors, factory sat nav, stereo. Despite the dramatic mileage it really doesn't look like a 178,000 mile car. It's in good condition generally as you can see. The car runs and drives but the alternator and the alternator belt have both broken. So the battery doesn't charge. The multimedia digital display screen has also broken. See the pictures (I think it's the pixels). But these screens are available on E Bay. I've seen one for £179 (see picture). So this is very much a project car. I'm in Westbury, Wiltshire. The car has to go. I'm open to any offers at all. Just text or WhatsApp me. You can even call me in the old fashioned way.